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Green jack
The green jack, ''Caranx caballus'' (also known as the horse jack), is an abundant species of coastal marine fish in the jack family Carangidae. The species is distributed in the eastern Pacific Ocean along the American coastline from Santa Cruz Island off California in the north to Peru in the south, as well as a number of islands including the Galapagos and recently, Hawaii. The green jack is distinguished from other similar carangid species by a number of features including gill raker and lateral line scale counts, and the presence of an adipose eyelid. It is a moderately large species, growing to at least 55 cm in length and 2.81 kg, although unconfirmed reports suggest a much larger maximum size. It lives in a wide range of continental shelf environments including estuaries, bays, reefs and offshore seamounts, living both pelagically and demersally. The green jack is a predatory species, preying on a variety of fish, crustaceans and cephalopods, as well as zooplankton. Most fish are sexually mature by the time they attain 38 cm, with spawning occurring between May and October. The species is of high importance to fisheries throughout its range, caught by pelagic trawls, a variety of netting methods and hook and line. The green jack is also of interest to anglers, taken by bait and lures, although is considered to only be fair in eating quality.
==Taxonomy and naming==
The green jack is formally classified within the genus ''Caranx'', one of a number of groups of fish referred to as jacks and trevallies. ''Caranx'' is further classified in the family Carangidae, itself part of the suborder Percoidei and the order Perciformes; the perch-like fishes.
The species was first scientifically described by the French biologist Charles Frédéric Girard in 1858, who named the species ''Trachurus boops'', placing the species in the horse mackerel genus based on the holotype taken off of San Diego, California.
With the instability of carangid taxonomy at the time, the species was reassigned to a number of genera, including ''Caranx'', which created a taxonomic homonym with the ''Caranx boops'' described by Georges Cuvier in 1833. In 1868, British zoologist Albert Günther unaware of the prior naming independently renamed the species ''Caranx caballus'' based on specimens collected from Panama, one of which was designated to be the holotype. The species was further renamed in 1870 by Franz Steindachner, who attempted to remove the ''Caranx boops'' homonym by simply renaming the species ''Caranx girardi''. Later reviews of the Carangidae revealed this synonymy, and due to Gunther's' earlier naming, his species name was kept and attributed to him, while Cuvier's' ''Caranx boops'' was later moved to ''Selar boops''.〔 The specific name ''caballus'' is Latin for 'horse', reflecting the common name of horse mackerel given to this and many similar species at the time. William Smith-Vaniz has suggested the possibility ''C. caballus'' is conspecific with a very similar Atlantic species; ''Caranx crysos'', but no studies into this relationship have been undertaken. Its position in the genus ''Caranx'' has also been questioned recently by John Randall due to its unusual dentition. The common name 'green jack' is in reference to the species' common coloration, while 'horse jack' is derived from the Latin name. In Spanish-speaking nations, it is often known under broadly applied names including ''cocinero'' and ''caballa''.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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